"Uncle Sam expects you to keep hens and raise chickens"
is the headline on a USDA advertisement from 1918.
Beneath the headline is a drawing which
includes a girl feeding a small flock of hens while the rooster looks on and a
boy building a little shelter, all in an outside area enclosed by a fence. In
the background is a simple chicken house which looks like a small country
cottage.
Read the words on the ad!
Key points:
Two hens per person is a good ratio for
fresh eggs.
Chickens will fit into most backyards.
Cost and time needed are minimal.
Food wastes can provide much of the
food.
Children can care for chickens.
Eggs and Chickens
On the Old Solar Farm, we kept chickens for eggs and meat for
forty years. Sometimes we had just two
hens. For a while, we had nearly 100 and
wholesaled eggs. It is always nice to
have a supply of fresh eggs.
Eggs are one of the most valuable and versatile of home grown
foods, except for vegans and those allergic to them. Think fried, scrambled or
poached for breakfast, hard boiled for a salad at lunch, made into a vegetable
filled omelet or quiche for dinner and as custard for dessert. Eggs are full of
protein, valuable fats and other nutrients.
Eggs are especially nutritious if the
hens spend time outdoors where they get fresh air and sunshine and can forage
on green plants, insects and worms.
Overripe or damaged garden vegetables and even many weeds are great
chicken food, too. Hens love those
baseball bat sized zucchinis and cucumbers which ameliorates the guilt involved
with letting those vegetables get too big!
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| One of at least six places within a mile of our farm where we can buy fresh, local eggs. |
We don't have chickens now so we are
free to travel more, but thankfully over the past few years many of our
neighbors have started raising chickens.
There are more than a half dozen homes within a mile of our farm with a
self-serve cooler offering fresh local eggs by their mailboxes. Some use
organic feed. Others have a movable
house and electric net fencing so it is obvious that the hens are pastured.
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| A chicken house on wheels and a portable pen so the chickens have access to pasture. Eggs from these hens have a beautiful deep orange yolks. |
One indication of how far the organic
movement has come is the current availability of organic feed. When I first started with chickens, I had to
go to a grain milling company in lower Manhattan to get organic feed by the
ton. It was the grain and flour they couldn't sell to humans. Now most feed stores carry it in bags and
NOFA member farms in New York and Vermont produce it.
So we've come full circle!! I'm sure many people in our rural town of
Oxford kept chickens in 1918, because that made sense or because the USDA
encouraged it.
What happened in between?
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| Several of Mr. Barry's chicken houses. They've been without chickens for several decades. |
When I moved to our Oxford farm in
1972, Mr. Barry, a retired New York Times reporter, was raising chickens
about a mile away. He had three or four
chicken houses set apart in a field, each big enough for 100 or more hens. The houses faced south with lots of windows
to let sun and air in and doors to let chickens out. He sold eggs to corner stores in the nearby
Lower Naugatuck Valley.
Not long after, another chicken
business started up. This involved a
large metal building that held 50,000 hens firmly inside. Each day a dump truck
carried away a load of manure the color and consistency of very wet concrete
and a big box truck carried away the eggs.
After a decade, the business closed and the building was demolished.
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| Industrial egg production facility in Eastern Connecticut housing millions of caged layers. |
By the 1980s, the majority of eggs
produced in Connecticut came from a single large producer in eastern
Connecticut with millions of caged layers. I got to take a group of high school
students who were studying food and energy to visit this farm. Although there were
a number of farmers at that time still raising eggs as Mr. Barry did, (and some
still do) this industrialized egg operation was what our UConn collaborator
wanted the kids to visit.
You have probably seen pictures of
this kind of factory farm. Rows and rows
of small cages, stacked three or four high, each cage containing several hens.
The system is designed so that eggs roll down onto conveyor belts for
collection at one end of the long, narrow barn and manure drops to the space
underneath the chickens. University of
Connecticut experts spent decades trying to solve the fly problem from all that
manure that was trucked to area farms.
The chicken house we visited was dimly
lit, very dusty and smelled of ammonia.
The students didn't want to be in there very long. We also got to see the attached, highly
automated egg processing facility and learned about some of the different uses
for eggs.
However, the last I heard, the eggs
from this farm now travel down I-95 to New Jersey for cleaning, sorting and
packaging, before being shipped back to Connecticut so consumers here can buy
these well-traveled eggs. I suspect they
are also sold in a number of other states.
At the time of our visit, this
facility was locally owned by a farmer with a lot of connections to UConn. A few years ago, I learned that that egg farm
was owned by Moark (for Missouri and Arkansas), which is a part of the Land and
Lake Coop. I just read that this facility
was recently bought by Sanderson Farms, one of the country's largest egg
producers, a part of Cal-Maine company.
This same farm is one of the few
facilities in Connecticut that qualifies as a CAFO, or confined animal feeding
operation. I suspect that the actual buildings have been changed and upgraded
over the years, but it remains a very large, indoor caged layer facility. The hens eat genetically modified corn and
soybeans, much of it from halfway across the country. They are moved in when
they are about five months old and ready to lay. After laying fewer than 200 eggs, they will
become a soup ingredient. You can read a defense of their caged layer system
provided to the Connecticut legislature in 2009 here. It was still Kofkoff egg farm then.
This recent report details the progress we've made in getting chickens out of cages thanks to consumer pressure. Keep it up!
Key points:
Industrial farms are capital intensive
and controlled by distant
large corporations.
Hens don't see the sun, breathe fresh
air, or eat grass or bugs.
Lots of transportation is involved for
chickens, eggs and feed.
Based on a linear industrial model
rather than a cyclical, ecological model.
Three approaches
At least three approaches to
agriculture and feeding ourselves are illustrated by the examples above. The USDA's plan in 1918 involves lots of
people, educates children, reduces food waste and builds fertile soil. (When we
had chickens in stationary pens, I'd keep the ground covered with leaves that I
collected in the fall. The chickens' scratching broke up the leaves, mixing
them with their manure to create a wonderful compost.) Chickens got to do their natural chicken activities in the sunlight
and fresh air.
A larger scale, commercial operation
such as Mr. Barry's can have many of the same benefits. (A friend in Vermont
raises about 600 chickens on the food waste from a local school.) The chickens
get fresh air and sunlight, eat a variety of foods and are close to eaters.
Both home production and human scale farms fit into an ecological approach to
food and our relationship with the earth.
However, note the many changes with
the industrial model: no more fresh air
and sunlight for the chickens. Most of
the feed is from far away. Whether the grains are from Connecticut or the
Midwest, this feed is inexpensive because the government supports its production
with our tax dollars, farmers are not paid fairly and fossil fuels are
plentiful and cheap. Unfortunately the environmental damage done by industrial
scale grain growing is not paid for. Food wastes become a big problem.
I'd love to hear about the growing egg
economy in your area.
Resources for raising chickens,
organically.
CT NOFA provides some local sources
for chicks and equipment.
NOFA-NY provides Organic PoultryProduction for Eggs.
NOFA Interstate Council published Humane and HealthyPoultry Production.
For a good overview of the varieties of chickens and chicken
equipment check out this company's catalog or web site.
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Protection from predators is one of the most critical issues for backyard chickens. Lots
of animals like to eat chickens. Earlier this month my son took this
photo in his Simsbury backyard. He said: "I was thinking about chickens
this weekend and realized that my worst losses always came when they
were under a tree. Red tails, ravens, and coopers."
